Anthropologists believe early humans evolved in Africa and then moved out from there in successive waves. However, what drove their migrations has been a matter of conjecture.
One new explanation is climate change.
Anthropologist Anders Erikkson of Cambridge University in England says the first few hardy humans who left Africa might've gone earlier but couldn't. Northeastern Africa — the only route to Asia and beyond — was literally a no man's land.
The Michigan Gala apples on this packing line will soon be in short supply. After a mild fall and winter, then a late-April freeze, Michigan's apple cultivation has dropped 90 percent.
Credit Noah Adams / NPR
Joe Rasch has been a full-time apple grower for nearly 20 years. He says that this year, he's having trouble filling his bins.
An apple a day might keep the doctor away, but what do you do when there are no apples? It's a question western Michigan's apple growers are dealing with this season after strange weather earlier in the year decimated the state's apple cultivation.
Michigan is the third-largest apple producer in the U.S. after New York and Washington, but the state's apples will soon be in short supply. Now in the middle of harvest season, growers are picking only 10 percent to 15 percent of their normal crop.
Here's a snapshot from the field as Harrington composed his image of Burnside Bridge — which involved schlepping the huge, fragile camera down a steep incline to get the right perspective.
Credit Claire O'Neill / NPR
The wet-plate camera used by Alexander Gardner after the Battle of Antietam was like this one: It had two lenses, which created a "stereo" image, or two identical images side by side on one plate.
Credit Claire O'Neill / NPR
Here's what you see when you go under that little black cloth. Naturally, the view is in color — though at first it's a bit surprising. You can see how the camera's twin lenses project two identical images. But it takes some getting used to: The images on the focus plate are upside down and backward.
Credit Claire O'Neill / NPR
To work like Gardner did in the field, the photographer needs a portable darkroom. The interior of Todd Harrington's is like an alchemist's laboratory.
Credit Claire O'Neill / NPR
Todd Harrington holds a developed wet plate up to the light to check its exposure.
Credit Claire O'Neill / (@clairevoyant)/Instagram
Harrington compares his exposure to the original, to see if they line up correctly.
Believe it or not, there's a lot of food involved in wet-plate photography. Egg whites (albumen) are used to make the glass plates adhesive to the light-sensitive chemicals. And one way to keep the plates from drying out after processing is to coat them in honey. It's also physically demanding, so you get really hungry.
Just a reminder now that Round 9 of our Three-Minute Fiction Contest is open. It's where we ask you to write an original short story that can be read in about three minutes, so no more than 600 words. In each round, we have a judge with a new challenge. And this time, it's novelist Brad Meltzer, and he's come up with this.
BRAD MELTZER: Your story must revolve around a U.S. President who can be fictional or real.
It's WEEKENDS on ALL THINGS CONSIDERED from NPR News. I'm Guy Raz.
Polls can be unstable. Up until the last moment, Jimmy Carter was leading Ronald Reagan in 1980. And in the past two weeks, President Obama has started to pull ahead of Mitt Romney.
And if you're just tuning in, this is WEEKENDS on ALL THINGS CONSIDERED from NPR News. I'm Guy Raz.
A very important, somewhat political convention took place here in Washington this past week.
STEVE KELLEY: Fantastic. Oops. I hit the little button again. If you hit the button here...
RAZ: It was on the campus of George Washington University where we found New Orleans Times Picayune cartoonist Steve Kelley trying out a digital drawing board.
Gloria Gilman holds a sign Thursday in Philadelphia during the NAACP voter ID rally to demonstrate her opposition to Pennsylvania's new voter identification law.
Pennsylvania's politically split Supreme Court is considering a challenge to a lower court ruling that upheld the state's polarizing voter identification law.
The law requires a state-issued photo ID card to vote, and supporters say it will help prevent voter fraud. Voting-rights activists have now shifted strategies from attempting to overturn the law, to instead putting up to a million state-issued photo ID cards in the hands of residents.
State officials recently estimated it is possible nearly 200,000 Philadelphia residents alone don't have proper ID.
We've heard much about big money pouring into some of the congressional races around the country, and now some of that money is breathing new life into the campaign of one unlikely candidate.
Rabbi Shmuley Boteach, author of books such as Kosher Sex and Kosher Jesus, and the host of Shalom in the Home, a reality show that worked with struggling couples, is running for Congress in New Jersey's 9th District.
Boteach is hoping to unseat Democrat Bill Pascrell in a district that is overwhelmingly Democratic.
It's WEEKENDS on ALL THINGS CONSIDERED from NPR News. I'm Guy Raz.
Nearly two years ago, mass demonstrations against autocrats in Arab countries captivated the world. The Arab Spring would bring democracy, and in many countries, a form of it has come. So, too, has the freedom of assembly and protests, something previous rulers could quash. No longer, and much of that anger is directed towards the United States. Here's Secretary of State Hillary Clinton on Friday.